雅思阅读考试中,“理解”就是要能够正确识别用两种不同表达方式描述的同一事物。考查这种“理解”能力的唯一手段就是使用“同义替换”。你不是在翻译,你是在用:对应扫读法,定位 解题。整体看不懂也是8分。
词性之间的替换
词性的替换主要是指题目中的关键信息与原文中的内容在词性上做了变化而已。这样的替换相对来说,难度系数偏低,只需要考生能够辨认出相同的词根即可。
Example 1:
Cambridge8,Test3中Q35:Through mutations, organisms can 35 better to the environment.
– 首先通过mutation一词将此填空题在原文定位到第C段”Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions.”
– 然后寻找空后关键词better to,根据空格前的情态动词can推测空格处只能填一个动词,而且是原形,还要能和to搭配。
– 这么一来,这句话里只有一个对应词比较合适:adaption,将其变形为动词adapt即可。
Example 2:
Cambridge6,Test2中Q17Q18:This is largely due to developments in 17 , but other factors such as improved 18 may also be playing a part.
– 定位到原文第四段”Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century….”表明有些疾病是被medical advances打败的。
– 根据空格前的介词可以判断17题缺一个跟developments相关的名词。
– 正确选项是medical的同根词M(medicine)。
– 而18题是一个被improved修饰的名词,原文中improvements是它的同根词,所以答案是选项J (nutrition)。
这样的替换,即使单词是陌生的,却可以通过相同的词根或词形来帮*生去挑选答案。要想掌握好这样的替换,也就要求考生尽可能地去多熟悉英语词汇中各种词根与词缀的应用。
剑桥阅读中出现的同根词变身
ability → able
diabetic → diabetes
secrete → secretions
fertilise → fertilisers
creativity → creative
investigative → investigate
prefer → preference
emit → emission
predictability → predicted
同义词/近义词之间的替换
同义词替换是指考题与原文中的关键内容用同义词进行一种互换。此类替换占据同义替换现象的大部分内容,而且几乎所有的题型都会有这样的替换现象。且大量常见的词都会主要是以名词与动词为主。
Example 3:
Cambridge6,Test4的Q9:Kim Schaefer's marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.
– 在原文第三段中定位到”Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment,”其中ethical即为原文中moral的同义词。
考生只需要在平时增加词汇量时有意识地去注意一些常见同义词,雅思阅读的解答也就变得简单很多了。其实严格意义上来讲,同义词应该还包括一些常用词组或短语之间的一种互换。
Example 4:
Cambridge7,Test4的Q19:Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.
– 此题为是非判断题。
– 利用between 1940 and 1959定位到原文第4段Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon population so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area.
– 原文中的crashes与题干中的sharp decrease属于近义词(语义相同的词)之间的替换。
Example 5:
Cambridge6,Test1的Q38Q39:In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their 38 lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39 for their food and clothes.
– 定位到原文D段:Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing.
– 题干中提及被迫放弃什么生活方式,因此要求填一个形容词来修饰lifestyle。而时间状语in recent years是定位词。
– 按顺序原则,原文的时间状语over the past 40 years正好跟in recent years对应,abandon与give up,ways和lifestyle对应,答案便是abandon后面的宾语ways的修饰语nomadic。
– 同时判断depend on后面需要填一个名词,即依靠什么东西。而后面的food and clothes是非常好的定位词。很快可以在原文中找到对应depend on的rely on,而后面又有food and clothes。
– 因此可以很清楚地判断出rely on的宾语nature就是答案。
剑桥中出现的同义词/近义词
change → shift / revision
overstate → exaggerate
target → goal
comments → feedback
performance → achievement
metropolitan → city
world → global
perceive → sense / feel
calculate → measure
resemble → look like
link to → associated with
expert → scientist
hard to find → elusive
否定加反义之间的替换
Example 6:
Cambridge7,Test1的Q33:In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are similar to those used in conventional classes.
– 根据顺序原则以及follow-up可以定位到原文第6段。Such methods are not unusual in language teaching.
– 题干中similar to和原文的not unusual属于否定加反义之间的替换。
Example 7:
Cambridge8,Test3的Q38:In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing.
– 可以定位到原文第三段Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanism for repair.
– 题干中possible是原文not inevitable的否定加反义替换。
剑桥阅读中出现的否定加反义替换
downward → not rising
not traditional → radical new approaches
with no rain at all →droughts
上下义词之间的替换
所谓上下义,是指替换的词语之间通常有一种从属关系。在雅思的阅读中这类替换往往出现在段落配对题之中,题目中给的是一个具有属性或者是表示概念的词语,而在原文中出现的替换词却是一个具体或者是细节的信息,考察考生对这两者之间从属关系的配对。
Example 8:
Cambridge6,Test3的Q28:Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old。
– 此题为是非判断题,定位词为“drugs”。
– 在原文中定位,我们能在文章第一段找到“As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging—the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we get older”。
– 原文中treatment即为题干中drugs的上义词。
Example 9:
Cambridge7,Test1的Q5:early military use of echolocation 。
– 此段落信息配对题在原文定位的句子是“it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines.
– 原文中weapon一词作为题干中military的下义词出现。
剑桥阅读中出现的上下义词替换
chemical → fertilizer and pesticide
military → Second World War
body language → gesture
farming → grow plants and herd animals
environment → light, sound and warmth
四种难度依次递增的同意替换,使雅思阅读的考题显得变换无穷,同时也将阅读的难度提到了一个不同的高度。所以有很多考生抱怨,题目特点和解题技巧都很清楚,定位词也能找准,可就是定位不到题目在原文中对应内容的位置。其实这源于考生没有真正了解雅思阅读考查词汇的变形。所以考生只要掌握词汇,熟悉以上四种替换原则,在原文中寻找这些替换表达,即可快速且准确地完成定位和答题。
雅思阅读一次考察1100X 3字左右大约,四十道题,实际做题时间不到一个小时,这是个什么概念,高考英语一篇文章400词左右,阅读加起来2000词左右,也就是说阅读部分相当于相同的时间做两遍高考,所以阅读是要咱们第一个字开始翻译到最后一个字吗?肯定不是啊。
做雅思阅读就两种人,第一种是每个字都认识,句子读得又懂又快,比如说我,嘿嘿嘿。
还有一种技术流,就是会有一些不懂的词句,但是题目能看懂,而且能把题目和原文联系起来,这样也是可以做对绝大多数的题的。当然如果你一句话中不认识的词比认识的还多,那赶快滚去背单词去。
第一种方式需要一定量的积累,如果大家有冲击高分的诉求,可以长期积累. 对于多数考生来说练习第二种会更加高效。
那么问题来了,怎么找和原文对应的地方呢,这也是阅读考察重点之一:同义替换, 我们先要明确一点,同义替换不是同义词, 而是对同一事物的不同表达方式,比同义词的范围要更宽
1描述型替换
题目和原文是现象对应本质,概念对应例子, 或单词对其解释。
比如狄老师认真回答学生问题, 批改作业到深夜,原文中说有职业责任感,这个就是同义替换.
我们以真题为例:
“题目:The consumption of fossil fuel would be cut because agricultural vehicles would beunnecessary. C11”
“原文:It would reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.”
其中vehicles对应其中的一种例子tractor,unnecessary对应其词义解释cutting out the need for,再比如:
C8 chemical → fertilizer and pesticide,farming → grow plants and herd animals
C9 serious problems→nuclear war and pollution,
C10 a range of functions→ gathering, leisure, relaxation, worship
C11 Unnecessary→cutting out the need for
很明显不属于同义词, 但却是对同一事物的不同表达方式, 多个词对应一个词.这在雅思中出现几率非常大. 这种替换找不到就会很恼火,因为全是你认识的词, 但是就是脑子转不过来, 所以需要大家有这么一个意识, 不要按同义词严丝合缝的去找替换.
2同义词替换
此类替换比较复杂,也非常常见。
比如:
题目:Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized C6T3
原文:The emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.
其中Much effort→hard work, and→coupled with, correct answers→accuracy, emphasis→focus on
但是有些题目,大家会发现词都认识,但感觉不到其间的替换关系?
原因很简单,这些单词你并不认识。中英单词不是一一对应的,单词的核心意思具体语境下会有变化,拘泥于中文含义理解单词则体会不出单词的语境意,也就找不到替换了。
题目: the most important step is for school authorities to produce a _ policy _C6T4
原文:A key step is to develop a policy on…
produce和develop 能不能叫替换词?生产和发展,乍一看好像不是。理解词义的最好方式是看英英词典, 但大家能坚持做到的不会很多, 所以大家可以尝试方式, 用中文解释其中文词义,解释后的部分更贴近单词的核心词义。“生产”和“发展”都是弄出了一个什么新的东西, 本义是相近的.
再比如
原文:…… detect(侦查)the flaws
题目:…… locate(定位)the faults
Detect和locate都有“寻找……的位置”的意思,本质上是有相同的含义的。
原文:there is damage to property too.
题目:… does considerable damage to buildings
这就是一词多义,有些词义比较接近,有些相差较远,这在语言中是一个很常见的现象,比如在汉语中,问:小红,你有腿毛吗?答:有个毛啊!
粗暴地背中文词义很难能解决问题, 大家应该尝试去理解单词在不同语境、针对不同对象时词义的变化。至于怎么背阅读的词, 咱们日后再说.
3词性转换
单词的后缀决定词性,大多数情况下后缀改变不影响词义,少部分词有词义的变化。
Consume →consumption
secrete → secretions
fertilize → fertilizers
creativity → creative
investigative → investigate
half → halve
prefer → preference
emit → emission
error → erroneous
medical →medicine
当我们确定要找的题目中的词不认识时,我们只能找到它在原文中的原词重或词性转换。大家可以在背单词时留心一下词缀部分,不用去背名词后缀有什么,动词后缀有什么,你只需要逆向看到这个后缀能联系到题目中的词即可。
4逻辑词的替换
主要考察四种逻辑:因果,并列,转折,否定,考察的较少,但是也偶尔会成为出题点
因果:because → for,as,since,result in,therefore,contribute to,breed……“因为”“导致”都含有一个 因果关系的替换,有因就有果。
并列:and → as well as, first… second… third…,range from…to…
转折:but → however,despite, although
“尽管”“但是” 都有一个让步转折的逻辑,比如:虽然你长得丑,但是你想得美啊。在英语中出现了although则不会出现but,
否定:not → 如果题目中有否定词,经常可以拿来优先寻找,因为全文大多是肯定句,少数是否定句,会更加好寻找一些,比如:lack、 vanish、 in need of、little、fail to, 以及有less、free等否定后缀的词。
第一组:
1.rigid/stiff/unchanged/little change僵硬的,一成不变的
2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/巨大的,明显的,程度大的
3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost
4.proportion/percentage 比例
5.be involved (in)/involve in/involvement[n.]涉及,卷入,参与
6.given/considering , in regard to/despite/although有鉴于、考虑到,尽管
7.induce [v] 引入,引导,引诱/inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce/deductive推断
8.deplete 开采完,耗尽/exhaust–exhaust emission (尾气)排放/exploit
9.complex 错综复杂的/complicated/sophisticated老奸巨滑的,复杂的
10.capacity能力,容量/competence(竞争)能力/ability能力(笼统的)
第二组:
11.确保,保障:Secure-security/ensure (insure)/guarantee 押金
12.solely/merely/only
13.a vast array of 系列/a great variety of 花样,品种/a great rang 系列of
14.pesticide 杀虫/suicide 自杀/homicide/murder杀人
15.believe/assume(responsibility)/suppose
16.授权,委托:authorize/commission 佣金/entitle 头衔 +ment =right (权利)
17.purchase/buy
18. ethnic 种族的/ethic 伦理,道德的 + s =[n]
19. modify/change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]
20. insight/knowledge/learning/understanding/knowing
第三组:
21.网恋:virtual love/cyber love
22.网友:on-line/net/cyberfriend
上网(聊天)chat on line/go on-line cyber café/网吧
22.evolve-evolution进化/revolute-revolution 革命,旋转/involve-involution 卷入,涉及
24. indicator/predictor表示诠释,预测
25.indicate/demonstrate/display/exhibit/betray
26.therapist/expert/specialist
27. 优点,长处,美德:advantage/merit/virtue/length
28. commonest/frequent
29. 未开发的,初级的:rudimentary/underdeveloped
30. 退化:degenerate;generate 生产,制造;degrad grade 等级;deteriorate 恶化,每况愈下
第四组:
31. 分类:category-categorize/class-classify
32.consequence后果,影响;subsequence紧跟其后;sequence=order秩序;frequency频率
33.clash冲突(民族,种族);crash 飞机坠毁
33. substitution; substitute sth for sb/replace
35.alternative 选择性,代替性,辅助性
36.孤立:isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝, 排外,孤立;be alien to/insulate 绝缘,隔(体)
37.缺点,不足之处:defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback
38.创新的,发明的,新颖的,创新的:inventive/innovative)/creative/ingenious/novel/creative/revolutionary
(易错拼写:environment/convenient)
39.neutral中立的,中性的/negative 否定,消极,阴性的/positive 肯定,积极,阳性的
40.ambiguous,ambiguity模棱两可的,暧昧的/obscure
第五组:
41.communicate 沟通,传达,通报
42.accommodate1供...食宿,2=adapt to 适应,调整,3=hold 容纳,4使…停靠
43.commitment1 ~ to sth. 奉献 2责任,义务
44.contribute to 导致 result in/account for(占据)导致
45.缺乏的,不足的:inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack (of)/short(of)
明显的:apparently 显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=>evidently
46.对…怀疑:(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious (about/of)
47.缺点,缺陷:drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw
48.臭命昭著的:notorious->notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous
49.机构,组织:association/structure/organization
50.超过:exceed/surpass
第六组:
51.岩浆:molten rock/lava/magma
52.语言:linguist 学家/lingual和......有关的/bilingual/双语
53.多种多样的:diversity/variety/breed/species
54.dialect 方言accent腔调
55.开始的,初步的:begin/launch/initial
首字母,开始的/initiate 开始,发动initiative 原创性 origin
56.贫穷:poor/in poverty/impoverished( 被剥夺财产的)
57.杰出:eminence (-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual
58.gene/genetic defect 缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思,怀孕/deliver分娩
59.辅助性:alternative补充性/therapist
60.演绎,推理:deduce,deductive/inferential ,induce 引导,引入,归纳 induction归纳
第七组:
61.令人困惑的:bewildering/puzzling/perplexing
62.apply:紧靠,涂,将…应用于,适用,专心致力于,献身于
63.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助,补贴/subsidiary
64.a factor in sth/depend on sth
65.be preferred by/choice
66.attitude to/how
67.the present century/modernsociety
68. 强调:emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on/concentrate on
69.in term of 按照,在…方面,关于/with regard to, in spiteof 不顾,尽管
70. small-scale 小范围/marginal边缘处的
第八组:
71. physical/medical
72.negotiation/agreement 谈判,洽谈/商定,协议
73.evolve/develop来源:壹壹英语
74.apartment/accommodation 公寓/住房
75.virtual (love)/simulate模拟的(网恋)/模拟
76.catastrophe/disaster 大灾难/灾难,不幸
77.innovate/invent 革新,创新/发明,创造
78.sculpture/craft 雕刻,雕塑/工艺
77.exorbitant/expensive 过度的,极高的/费用大的,昂贵的
79. be participant in/take part in/participate in
80.labour[美,澳]/work
第九组:
81.attend to/take care of
82.dual employment/dual-worker双职工(家庭)
83.indicate/predict 指示,表明,象征/预料,预言
A major contributorto/becentral to 来源,起点/是…的主要,中心原因
84.expert/therapist 专家,能手;知识丰富的/某个专科的专家
85.lead to/be associated with 相联系(带来…的好处)
86.balanced/equitable平等的
87.handicap/disabled/primitive 残疾的,落后的
88. could not-and cannot/hasalways been unable to by/from
89.benefit/advantage
90.substantialinfluence/greater likelihood
第十组:
91.agree on/define
92.considereddesirable/effectiveness
93.masquerade/(in) disguise伪装
94.insignificant/didn’t seriously 不重要/不严重的
95.inspect/examine审核,检查
96.caliber/criterion 标准
97.no-one know, notorious无人知晓,臭名昭著的
98.dissatisfy/argue 不满意/厌恶,讨厌
99.pessimism/negative/blue 悲观的,忧郁的 ,optimistic 乐观的
100.unsatisfactory/hardly belooked upon
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2017-02-12 12:23franklinhans
2017-08-03 15:26